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hilblain lupus erythematosus (CHLE) is a rare variant of chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus, closely associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other lupus-spectrum connective tissue diseases. It presents with cold-induced, pruritic or painful violaceous lesions on acral sites that may ulcerate, fissure, become hyperkeratotic, or form atrophic plaques.1
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John et al. (2026) studied this question.
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