Low-frequency ambient noise under pack ice of the central Arctic Ocean has long-term variations (periods greater than 1 h) which correlate highly with composite measures of stress applied to the ice by wind, current, and drift. These composites are the horizontal ice stress and the stress moment, and are derived from meteorological and oceanographic data observed simultaneously with the noise. Atmospheric cooling, a known high correlate of midfrequency noise under the ice, is not important at low frequencies.
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Makris et al. (1986) studied this question.
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