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Finally, our findings suggest that in the context of AD, bullying transcends gender differences, affecting both sexes equally. Bullying in AD is driven by a complex interplay of age, ethnicity and geographical region rather than gender. Future research should explore how cultural perceptions of skin disease shape bullying behaviours and whether educational or policy-based interventions can mitigate these effects. Targeted anti-bullying strategies should address racial and cultural discrimination by promoting inclusivity through education, community engagement and strict enforcement of anti-bullying policies in schools and workplaces. Culturally tailored interventions and support systems for minority groups in non-majority settings are essential to reduce vulnerability and foster resilience.
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Dodiuk‐Gad et al. (2025) studied this question.
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