Effect of occupant and restraint variability in reclined positions on submarining probability in frontal car crash scenarios

Introduction: , submarining. Hence, to enable assessment of submarining prevention measures for reclined occupants in frontal car crash scenarios, it is motivated to enhance the understanding of pelvis to lap belt interaction. Method: In this simulation study, the submarining outcome of a population of reclined 50%ile (in terms of height and weight) male occupants, subjected to restraint variability in a semi-rigid seat setup, was analyzed through finite element human body model (FE-HBM) simulations (n = 369). To account for the substantial individual variability associated with pelvic shape, a statistical shape model was utilized to predict a large set of random 50%ile male pelvises. Based on select measurements, a sub-sample was drawn from this set (n = 78) for inclusion in the analysis. The simulated submarining outcome and corresponding occupant/restraint parameters were used to generate a metamodel predicting probability of submarining. Results: The results showed that random variations of a 50%ile male can be comparable with restraint design variability on submarining outcome for reclined occupants. Significant predictors included three from the occupant (pelvis angle, iliac spine hook angle, and H-Point forward/rearward position), and three from the restraint (buckle angle, seat friction, and seat pan angle). Non-significant predictors included occupant soft tissue thickness and fat stiffness, shoulder belt load limit force, and inclusion/exclusion of single lap belt pre-tensioning. Discussion: In conclusion, this study implies that future vehicle safety ratings, using different versions of a 50%ile male FE-HBM, may be subject to variation in submarining outcome if harmonization of the target occupant anatomy/posture is not established. In addition, based on the response in a semi-rigid seat setup, this study also indicates that to achieve robust submarining protection for reclined occupants, the current legal requirements on buckle angle might need a shift towards more vertical angles.