Contextualizing Fourth Industrial Revolution technology adoption for small tourism accommodation providers in developing countries

While scholarly literature on the adoption of fourth industrial revolution (4IR) technologies in the tourism industry is increasing, the adoption of digital technologies by small tourism accommodation providers (STAPs) in developing economies remains under-explored. Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies are transforming the global tourism and hospitality industry; however, despite their significant contribution to job creation and economic development, STAPs in developing economies often struggle to integrate these technologies because of contextual and resource constraints. This paper addresses the lack of structured frameworks for sustainable adoption of 4IR technologies by STAPs in developing economies. Using an inductive theory-building approach, this study synthesizes insights from 85 peer-reviewed articles identified through an integrative literature review. Drawing on the Technology Acceptance Model, the Technology-Organization-Environment framework, and broader technology adoption literature, the study develops propositions that inform a conceptual framework for understanding 4IR technology adoption among small tourism accommodation providers in developing economies. The proposed framework identifies key technological, organizational, environmental, and consumer-related factors influencing 4IR technology adoption. It further highlights critical enablers, including digital literacy, infrastructure availability, and strategic leadership. It also recognizes barriers such as financial constraints, the digital divide, and cybersecurity risks. The framework contributes to theory and practice by guiding STAPs, policymakers, and researchers seeking to enhance competitiveness, service innovation, business performance, and long-term organizational resilience. At the same time, these outcomes support the economic and organizational dimensions of sustainability; the environmental and broader social dimensions of sustainable tourism are not explicitly incorporated, presenting opportunities for future research.