Impact of Freezing Conditions on Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzymes in Serum of Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus)

Asian elephants (Elephas maximus ) are large mammals native to the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and are classified as endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List.In Japanese zoos, active veterinary treatment for Asian elephants was historically rare except in facilities employing Southeast Asian mahouts, who use traditional training techniques.However, the recent adoption of husbandry training, including desensitization techniques, has enabled many Japanese zoos to conduct invasive clinical procedures such as routine blood sampling [1, 2, 3].Blood testing is crucial for regular health management and the early detection and treatment of diseases; however, # These authors contributed equally to this work