Invisible Devotion in Turkiye: Women’s Absence in Religiosity Scales

This study examines how women’s religious experiences have been represented in existing measurement tools by conducting a qualitative critical analysis of ten Turkish religiosity scales developed within the fields of psychology and the sociology of religion. Drawing on a review of the literature, it stresses conceptual and methodological gaps embedded in both the scales and definitions of religion. Female religiosity often differs from men’s in its expressions and meanings. It frequently takes visible and embodied forms, including wearing the hijab or dressing modestly, that are rarely reflected in current measurement tools. Female religiosity also takes shape at the intersection of religious devotion, social expectations, and personal spirituality. The analysis of the ten scales shows two main patterns. Some of them focus on male-centered practices like Friday prayers, while others seem more neutral. Yet even these neutral scales fail to reflect the many ways women experience and express their faith in daily life. Overall, the findings point to the need for approaches that better capture the depth and variety of women’s religious experience.