Engineered regeneration in plastic and reconstructive surgery: Bioengineered constructs and disease-modeling strategies for human tissue repair

Engineered regeneration is a rapidly evolving interdisciplinary area of research that involves bioengineered bioconstructs, disease models, and translational strategies for enhancing the repair and restoration of human tissues. In this review, the most recent developments in engineered regeneration are discussed in detail, focusing on biomimetic scaffold design, stem cell-based constructs, and new disease-modeling systems applicable to plastic and reconstructive surgery. Biomimetic scaffolds, such as hydrogels, electrospun nanofibers, and decellularized matrices, provide structural, mechanochemical, and biochemical signals that control cell adhesion, differentiation, and tissue integration. Simultaneously, improved disease-modeling technologies, such as organoids and organ-on-chip systems, make it possible to recapitulate physiologically relevant tissue microenvironments, thereby providing better disease insights, aiding in translational studies, and accelerating the development of therapeutic applications. The clinical relevance of engineered constructs has advanced in recent years owing to advancements in enabling technologies such as three-dimensional bioprinting, gene editing, and bioreceptor-based maturation systems. Computational modeling and artificial intelligence have been successfully applied to the design, optimization, and personalization of regenerative therapies. Despite these developments, issues related to standardization, scalability, immune compatibility, and regulatory compliance continue to hinder large-scale clinical translation. However, continued advancement of intelligent biofabrication technologies, their combination with personalized medicine, and regulatory changes are expected to drive substantial progress in tissue repair and regenerative medicine. Collectively, the developments described herein highlight position-engineered regeneration as a revolutionary therapy for future reconstructive and regenerative therapies.