Diabetes management

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic, heterogeneous metabolic disorder characterised by persistent hyperglycaemia resulting from impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or both. The major clinical types include type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and gestational diabetes (GDM), while less common forms arise from genetic defects, autoimmune processes, metabolic disorders, and secondary causes. Effective management depends on early diagnosis through screening and a combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Non- pharmacological strategies such as diet, physical activity, weight management, and behavioural modification are fundamental to glycaemic control and enhance the effectiveness of pharmacological therapy. Pharmacological management may include insulin and non-insulin agents. Optimised treatment improves glycaemic control, reduces complications, and enhances quality of life. Pharmacists play an expanding role in DM management through screening, patient education, medication optimisation, and ongoing support, contributing to more comprehensive and effective patient care.