In recent years, generative artificial intelligence (GAI) has gained unprecedented attention. Unlike conventional AI, GAI can generate innovative and meaningful content across texts, images, and videos. The success of OpenAI’s ChatGPT has driven global tech companies to develop high-performance models and integrate GAI into products.1 This AI arms race continues, as shown by OpenAI’s text-to-video model, Sora, and Anthropic’s new large language model, Claude 3. The release of DeepSeek V3/R1 has sparked a global AI cost revolution.
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Ding et al. (2025) studied this question.
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