Geographic variation and population systematics: Distinguishing between ecogenetics and phylogenetics

A series of quantitative procedures (1 ‐ pattern of anagenesis in putative phylogentic trees; 2 ‐ ≪correlation≫ based tests comparing observed and hypothesized patterns: 3 ‐ congruence assessed by random re‐sampling) are tested against a series of ≪known≫ cases of ecogenetically or phylogenetically caused geographic variation to establish whether they can distinguish between these two causes. The former two procedures can distinguish between these causes in some circumstances, but the last procedure is not particularly useful for this purpose because independent morphological character systems can have congruent patterns of geographic variation even when they are ecogenetically caused.