The United Nations (UN) High-Level Meeting (HLM) on pandemic prevention, preparedness and response (PPPR) on 25 September 2026 comes at a pivotal moment. Three years after the first PPPR HLM, and more than a year after adoption of the WHO Pandemic Agreement, world leaders will meet under the principles of equity and solidarity to approve an action-oriented political declaration [1,2]. The challenge is no longer primarily to define what preparedness should encompass. It is to ensure that international commitments translate into sustained, measurable infectious-disease capabilities within countries and regions.
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Ntoumi et al. (2026) studied this question.
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