Hydrogen peroxide-based fuel cells for next generation power source

With increasing emphasis on a low-carbon economy and sustainable development, there is a growing global demand for green energy sources. Hydrogen peroxide fuel cells (HPFCs) emerge as a promising alternative energy source for aircrafts and underwater vehicles and electronic devices. Their advantages lie in the combination of high power density and environmental benignity, making them superior to conventional hydrogen fuel cells, in terms of storage and transportation. The two-electron reduction proves low-overpotential and excellent selectivity in contrast to the four-electron process. This review presents a classification of HPFCs according to reactant type and cell architecture, with a comparative analysis of their respective properties. A technological shift from semi-fuel cells to rechargeable systems is observed. This work aims to analyze the challenges and strategies for H 2 O 2 -fuel cells on their pathway toward practical implementation. Coating and doping strategies, along with nanotechnology, are reported to optimize catalyst performance. Meanwhile, multiple functions and applications emerge owing to the independence from external air supply and other unique properties. Finally, future research directions and perspectives in this field are discussed.