Industrialization and sustainable development in Africa: a critical review of sustainable development goals synergies

This paper examines the complex relationship between industrialization and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Africa, where development remains strongly dependent on industrial growth. It focuses on six SDGs closely linked to industrial transformation: SDG 1 (No Poverty), SDG 5 (Gender Equality), SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure) and SDG 13 (Climate Action). By concentrating on these goals, the study avoids broad generalizations and provides more nuanced insights. Drawing on evidence from selected countries—Ethiopia, Rwanda, Morocco, South Africa, Ghana and Kenya the paper analyzes industrial and development trends from 2000 to 2025. The findings show that industrialization has significantly advanced progress toward SDGs 8 and 9. However, the outcomes for SDGs 1, 5, 7 and 13 remain mixed due to persistent structural challenges, including weak innovation systems, limited energy access and environmental degradation. The paper concludes with strategic recommendations, emphasizing inclusive green industrial policies, strengthened regional cooperation through the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), and enhanced global partnerships to promote industrialization that is both economically inclusive and environmentally sustainable.