Graphite Intercalation Compound–Cement Composite Electrodes for Supercapacitor Applications

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The present study introduces a novel strategy for developing energy storage materials by incorporating a partially oxidised graphite intercalation compound (GIC) into white Portland cement (WPC) to form a cement–GIC composite electrode for symmetric supercapacitors. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed successful intercalation through the emergence of a new (001) peak at 11.77°, corresponding to expanded interlayer spacing (∼0.75 nm). Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis revealed a ∼3× higher surface area and increased pore volume in the composite, indicating enhanced mesoporosity and ion‐accessible pathways. Raman spectra showed a downshifted G band, confirming defect formation and lattice distortion. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) demonstrated that the delaminated GIC sheets were uniformly distributed within the cement framework, forming a hierarchical conductive–porous network. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the incorporation of sulphur and oxygen into GIC and uniform elemental integration into CG2. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed multistep decomposition, with cement and GIC transitions, confirming successful hybrid formation and improved thermal behaviour. The 1:2 cement–GIC composite (CG2) showed the best electrochemical performance in comparison to other ratios, achieving gravimetric specific capacitances of 30 F/g (three‐electrode) and 16 F/g (two‐electrode), with energy and power densities of 2.1 Wh/kg and 18 W/kg, respectively, as determined by galvanostatic charge‒discharge testing (GCD). CG2 retained 83% capacitance and ∼99% Coulombic efficiency after 5000 cycles. These results highlight cement–GIC composites as robust, low‐cost, and sustainable electrode materials for next‐generation energy storage systems.