The mechanism of the reaction between cardanol and formaldehyde when catalyzed by an alkali, sodium hydroxide, has been investigated. It was observed that only three individual rate constants, k11, k12, and k13, out of 12 appearing in the mechanism could be quantitatively estimated due to poor separation of the intermediates. The equation for the rate of overall chemical reaction has been developed and found to agree well with the experimental data.
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A 1985 study studied this question.