Engineered 3D DNA crystals: bridging molecular design to macroscopic precision materials

The rise of DNA nanotechnology has elevated DNA from its traditional role as a carrier of genetic information into a programmable material. As a unique class of DNA nanomaterials, engineered 3D DNA crystals combine molecular-level structural precision with macroscopic dimensions, thus creating the engineering utility of DNA single crystals beyond mere structural characterization. This review systematically summarizes the primary types of engineered 3D DNA crystals, strategies for optimizing their physical properties, methods for functional modification, and their applications. It provides an in-depth analysis of how different crystalline motif designs contribute to the enhancement of crystal performance and the expansion of functionality. Finally, the major challenges currently facing the field are discussed, and future directions for the development of engineered 3D DNA crystals are proposed.