Multi-parameter high-dimensional encoding and decoding based on superimposed-state grafted double-ring elliptic perfect vortex beam arrays

A novel structured light beam, the superimposed-state grafted double-ring elliptic perfect vortex beam (SGDRE-PVB), is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. By synergistically combining a grafted phase structure aligned with the natural bisection of the elliptical major axis and introducing radial multiplexing via an inner-outer double-ring architecture, the beam possesses seven independently tunable intrinsic degrees of freedom. Benefiting from the seven independently adjustable degrees of freedom, a single SGDRE-PVB naturally encodes 16 bits of information, and a 4 × 4 spatially multiplexed array extends the capacity to 256 bits per color channel. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, a 120 × 120 color image is successfully reconstructed by transmitting three such arrays in parallel on three distinct focal planes. By employing a residual network for decoding, a joint recognition accuracy of 97.93% is attained on experimental data, validating the beam’s potential for high-capacity optical communications.