Achieving the EU’s 2050 climate-neutrality target faces significant challenges in aviation and maritime transport. This study, conducted under the Horizon Europe BioTheRoS project, presents a PESTEL analysis of advanced sustainable fuels derived from pyrolysis and gasification across Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, Spain, and Greece. Using a mixed-methods approach combining policy reviews, comparative country assessment, and quantitative and qualitative indicators, the research identifies political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors shaping market readiness levels in various geographical/regional landscapes. Results highlight strong political commitment and environmental drivers, contrasted with economic and legal barriers that limit large-scale deployment. Technological maturity and public acceptance vary across regions, while economic feasibility remains a critical constraint. The study emphasizes the need for coordinated policies, investment risk-sharing, harmonized regulations, and stakeholder engagement to accelerate adoption of advanced fuels. Findings support evidence-based policymaking, guide industry investment, and inform cross-border cooperation to advance Europe’s climate-neutrality objectives.
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Celik et al. (2026) studied this question.