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Among 737,384 stays in Veterans Health Administration wards, antibiotic days of therapy per days present and days of antibiotic spectrum coverage per days present decreased stepwise across discharge diagnoses that always (tier 1), sometimes (2), or never require antibiotics (3). Tier-related decreases varied by hospital. The overall risk-standardized benchmarking models remained similar.
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Imai et al. (2026) studied this question.
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