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Forest biomass and direct normal irradiation (DNI) were integrated to identify the five most suitable hub locations for solar-powered biorefinery (SPB) plants in Southern Europe, focusing on Spain, Italy, and Greece. Forest-related areas were characterized using a suitability index derived from a multi-criteria analysis, while optimal hub allocation was determined through a simulated annealing optimization approach incorporating DNI and road infrastructure data. The results identified robust hub locations and their corresponding biomass availability under different collection distances. In Spain, the optimal hubs were concentrated in the central-northern region, whereas in Italy most hubs were located in the central part of the country, with one hub identified in the South. In Greece, the highest concentration of hubs was observed mainly in the north-central region. Overall, the study highlights the potential of integrating biomass resources, solar energy availability, and infrastructure accessibility for the strategic planning of SPB plants establishment in Southern Europe.
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Kutchartt et al. (2026) studied this question.
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