Endogenous endophthalmitis

Endogenous endophthalmitis constitutes an ophthalmic emergency with the potential to cause profound and irreversible visual loss. It remains diagnostically challenging due to its heterogeneous clinical presentation, its occurrence across all age groups, and its association with a wide range of systemic predisposing conditions. The spectrum of causative microorganisms is broad, encompassing both bacterial and fungal pathogens, with variability influenced by geographic and host-related factors. This diversity further complicates diagnosis and management. Therapeutic strategies are determined by disease severity and the underlying microbial etiology and may involve a combination of systemic antimicrobial therapy, intravitreal antimicrobial injections, and surgical procedures such as pars plana vitrectomy in advanced cases. Given the rarity of the condition, there are few robust, evidence-based guidelines to inform optimal management. Consequently, current treatment approaches are largely derived from limited clinical data and microbiological profiles, and recent literature has proposed structured management recommendations based on these parameters.