Key result
Distinct acoustic properties and valvular associations differentiate specific additional heart sounds.
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May aid bedside recognition of valvular extra sounds; leaves open prospective validation against modern imaging.
Systolic clicks are high-pitched sharp sounds. They are classified as ejection and nonejection clicks. Ejections clicks commonly occur at the aortic and pulmonary valve, while nonejection clicks occur at the mitral and tricuspid valve. Opening snap is an additional sound heard in the diastole. It is described as an early diastolic, high-pitched sound, which is associated with opening of the mitral and/or tricuspid valve. Pericardial knock is a high-pitched early diastolic sound, which is characteristic of constrictive pericarditis. The opening and closing of prosthetic valves produce sounds which may vary in intensity and timing according to the type and design of the valve, patient’s rhythm, and hemodynamic status.
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Nemani et al. (2020) conducted a review in Additional heart sounds. Systolic clicks, opening snaps, pericardial knocks, and prosthetic valve sounds are additional heart sounds characterized by specific acoustic properties and valvular associations.
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