Identification, quantification, and ecological implications of microplastics in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems

Microplastics (MPs) are a growing concern in environmental science due to their pervasiveness and potential impacts on ecosystems and human health. This review focuses on current research on sources, detection, and quantification methods for MPs and examines existing policy frameworks for mitigating MPs contamination across different ecosystems. A comprehensive analysis of the Scopus and Web of Science databases for studies published between 2019 and 2025 was performed, followed by a PRISMA analysis to determine the trend of MPs studies. Recent studies and policy framework documents regarding MPs were reviewed, and a detailed review of existing methods and techniques used in MPs studies was conducted. FTIR spectroscopy and microscopic techniques have been frequently used for MPs studies, though limitations in accuracy are noted across the literature. Current findings underscore the need for standardized methodologies to quantify MPs and inform further policy development aimed at mitigating environmental impacts. The review suggests that more longitudinal studies are needed to assess the long-term ecological effects of MPs and their removal.