Synergistic pNiPc-COF/GO hetero-structures for ultrasensitive non-enzymatic glucose electrochemical sensing

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Glucose electrochemical sensors underpin clinical diagnosis, biomanufacturing, food quality control and environmental surveillance. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are attractive for electroanalysis, yet nearly all COF glucose sensors require glucose oxidase immobilization, limiting long-term stability and scalability. Herein, we fabricate an enzyme-free glucose electrocatalyst: nickel phthalocyanine COF (pNiPc-COF) hybridized with graphene oxide (GO) via one-pot solvothermal treatment. XRD, SEM, FTIR, TGA and XPS confirm uniform pNiPc-COF/GO heterostructures; electroanalytical tests reveal strong synergistic glucose oxidation from dense Ni catalytic sites and fast charge transport in GO. At +0.65 V vs. SCE, the sensor achieves 5 s response over 0.15–9.45 mM glucose, with sensitivity of 875.71 μA mM −1 cm −2 and LOD = 0.103 μM (S/N = 3). It also exhibits strong anti-interference capability, offering a stable, high-performance enzyme-free platform for clinical glucose quantification.