Orally Administered Acarbose-Guar gum Solid Dispersion mitigates diabetes-induced kidney damage via modulating inflammatory response and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

Diabetes mellitus can cause progressive renal injury characterized by oxidative stress, inflammation, and impaired renal function. This study investigated the kidney- and cell-protective potential of acarbose-guar gum solid dispersion (AGSD-3) using in vitro and in vivo diabetic models. In BHK-21 cells, AGSD-3 showed improved biocompatibility, with higher cell viability (65.54 ± 0.41%) than acarbose (56.67 ± 0.24%) and reduced lactate dehydrogenase release (7.29 ± 0.13%) at 100 µg/mL. Under high-glucose conditions, AGSD-3 significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and enhanced superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase activities (p < 0.001). In diabetic rats, AGSD-3 (50 mg/kg) significantly improved renal function, reducing serum creatinine, urea, and uric acid to 0.45 ± 0.02, 36.00 ± 0.96, and 2.00 ± 0.02 mg/dL, respectively, and normalized relative kidney weight. Histopathological findings further supported restoration of renal architecture. AGSD-3 enhanced renal antioxidant status, with increased SOD, catalase, and GST activities, while reducing nitric oxide, xanthine oxidase, and acetylcholinesterase activities (p < 0.001). Furthermore, AGSD-3 reduced TNF-α and IL-6 while increasing IL-10 levels. Overall, AGSD-3 exhibited antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and renoprotective effects, supporting its potential as an improved acarbose-based formulation for diabetes-associated renal injury.