Securing IoT–cloud sensing systems for viable renewable energy supply chains

Secure Internet of Things–cloud integration underpins information visibility, coordination, and continuity in renewable-energy supply chains, yet implementation constraints can undermine these capabilities, particularly in emerging economies. This study identifies constraints affecting secure IoT–cloud implementation in Mexico's renewable-energy supply chains, determines which warrant priority managerial attention, and develops targeted interventions intended to support supply chain viability. A systematic literature review of 104 studies, followed by two rounds of fuzzy Delphi refinement, yielded 22 constraints across five categories. Their relative importance and perceived management capability were assessed using the fuzzy linear Best–Worst Method and importance–performance map analysis. Five constraints occupied the baseline improvement-priority quadrant, combining above-mean importance with comparatively weak management: unclear data ownership and access rights, weak governance enforcement, unreliable sensor data, limited cybersecurity awareness, and inconsistent cybersecurity controls. Data ownership and access rights exhibited the highest global importance (0.137) and the lowest management score (2.67). Across 25 mean-based threshold configurations, including the baseline, data ownership, governance enforcement, and sensor-data reliability remained persistent improvement priorities, whereas the classifications of cybersecurity awareness and control consistency were more threshold-sensitive. Selected investment and technical risks were assessed as comparatively better managed, although this pattern did not extend to all financial and digital-infrastructure constraints. The results identify data governance, information reliability, and cybersecurity practice as the conditions most limiting secure IoT–cloud implementation in this setting, and provide an expert-informed basis for prioritizing interventions in renewable-energy supply chain operations.