The growing generation of solid waste, along with escalating energy demand, has created serious environmental and sustainability challenges. Sustainable methods for converting waste into high-performance electrode materials for energy storage applications align with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, and 15. This review emphasizes the design and fabrication of waste-derived supercapacitors and their mechanism. It also discusses various waste streams that can be converted into high-performance supercapacitor electrodes, along with their synthesis and activation techniques. This study highlights material properties and behaviour across different types of supercapacitors. It provides a detailed analysis of different supercapacitor designs and fabrication techniques, along with electrochemical evaluation metrics such as specific capacitance, rate capability, and cycling stability. This framework includes techno-economic analysis and technical challenges, with practical mitigation strategies to accelerate scalability and commercialization. Overall, this comprehensive analysis provides a concise strategy for converting waste into value-added materials that support advancing technologies for sustainable, carbon–neutral energy storage.
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Natarajan et al. (2026) studied this question.
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