The authors consider various possible hole-coupling mechanisms in the high-T c superconductor, doped La 2 CuO 4 . Negative-U processes are energetically unfavourable. It is possible that bipolaronic species may be stabilised when antiferromagnetic energies and coupling terms arising from the distortions of the CuO 6 octahedra are taken into account.
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Catlow et al. (1988) studied this question.
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