A New Low-Frequency Stable Potential Formulation for the Finite-Element Simulation of Electromagnetic Fields

The finite-element formulation proposed in this paper is for the frequency domain and covers the entire range from static/stationary fields to wave propagation. It does not involve any frequency-dependent thresholds, leads to complex symmetric system matrices and unique solutions, and applies to the most general structures, comprising both lossy and lossless regions. Compared with non-stabilized methods, e.g., the electric field formulation, the price to be paid is one extra scalar potential in the lossy region. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed method is well-suited for direct and iterative solvers, and remains stable in the static case.