Seasonal changes in the “landscape of fear” recognized by Japanese macaques in farmland and villages- focusing on invasion distances from the forest edge -

The distance that the Kurodani A group of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) maintained from forest edge while foraging was surveyed in Ishikawa Prefecture from September to December 2019. The distance increased as the season progressed. The macaques ate mainly rice grains, persimmons, and herbs, regardless of the distance of the food from forest edge, implying that the seasonal change in distance was a response to changes in both the distribution of major foods and the dangers posed by humans.