The estimation of CO 2 emission factors (EFs) is a key step in calculating automobile CO 2 emissions. However, city-level research on the integrated estimation of vehicle CO 2 EFs under real conditions is insufficient. To enrich the research methods of city-level vehicle CO 2 EFs, this paper constructs a vehicle–road–driver three-layer regression model and estimates vehicle CO 2 EFs empirical parameters for Tianjin. The results show that the influences of vehicle CO 2 EFs can be ranked as follows: engine displacement level (0.740) > total mileage (0.336) > driving habit after the start (−0.072) > vehicle size (0.064). The average empirical parameter of Tianjin's vehicle CO 2 EFs is 195.38 g/km. This study can provide a method to estimate vehicle CO 2 EFs at city level, enrich the Chinese EFs database in the transport sector, and provide scientific support to formulate integrated low-carbon transport policies.
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Li et al. (2024) studied this question.
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