Reduction in typical endocrine disruptors chemicals exposure in Beijing: Phthalate esters and bisphenol A

Phthalate esters (PAEs) and bisphenol A (BPA) are representative endocrine disruptors chemicals (EDCs). China launched two major national clean air campaigns in 2013 – 2017 and 2018 – 2020, respectively. These initiatives have led to a significant improvement in the country's air quality. However, research concerning PAEs and BPA during this period remains limited. Therefore, this study comparatively assess the concentrations, exposure characteristics, and source apportionment of PAEs and BPA in 2017 and 2023 to explore the variations of these two typical EDCs. Results show that: (1) Atmospheric concentrations of PAEs and BPA declined substantially in 2023, decreasing by 46 % and 84 % relative to 2017 levels, respectively. (2) In both 2017 and 2023, the non-carcinogenic health risks remained low (HI < 1). Multi-pathway exposure assessment indicated that total exposure levels to PAEs and BPA decreased by 47 % and 84 % in 2023, respectively. Consequently, health risks associated with ingestion and dermal contact dropped by 77 %, while inhalation-driven risks declined by 72 %. (3) Source apportionment indicated that emissions from personal care products and varnish solvents predominated as the primary sources of PAEs in both 2017 and 2023, although contributions from transportation-related sources increased in 2023. China's clean air initiatives have exerted impacts on PAEs and BPA, reducing their concentrations and associated health risks, as well as altering the main sources of PAEs. These findings provide critical datasets for establishing China's emerging contaminant (EC) database and establish a scientific basis for formulating control policies targeting EC.