Unifying local and nonlocal corrosion frameworks: A convergent nonlocal extension of the KKS phase-field model

We introduce a nonlocal extension of the Kim-Kim-Suzuki (KKS) phase-field corrosion model aimed at bridging local and nonlocal corrosion modeling approaches, such as phase-field and peridynamic frameworks. In this formulation, classical gradient operators are replaced with integral operators defined over a finite interaction horizon, naturally embedding an intrinsic length scale that aligns with nonlocal theories like peridynamics. Under precise assumptions on function spaces and kernel functions, we define a nonlocal free energy that integrates a standard bulk free energy density with a nonlocal interaction term. Through differentiation in an appropriate Hilbert space, we derive evolution equations, yielding a nonlocal Allen–Cahn equation for the phase-field and a nonlocal Cahn–Hilliard-type equation for the concentration. The latter is expressed as a gradient flow in a metric induced by the inverse of the nonlocal operator, mirroring the classical H −1 metric for conserved dynamics. We establish the well-posedness of these equations using Galerkin approximations, uniform energy estimates, and compactness arguments. Furthermore, we prove the convergence of the nonlocal model to its local KKS counterpart as the interaction horizon approaches zero, effectively unifying local and nonlocal perspectives. Numerical experiments, implemented via an explicit, matrix-free discretization, confirm the asymptotic compatibility of the scheme as the horizon vanishes and illustrate the transition from diffuse to sharp corrosion fronts. We further demonstrate the framework on a three-dimensional biodegradable magnesium implant screw, calibrated against experimental degradation data, and show that its explicit, matrix-free structure scales efficiently across compute nodes and onto GPUs, making engineering-scale simulations tractable.