Closer to the gods: Residue analysis of chalices from Tomb 89, Pella, Jordan

Tomb 89 from Pella, Jordan, was an undisturbed communal tomb of 82 individuals dating to the late Iron IB − early IIA period (c. 1000 – 900 BCE). This article discusses the results of organic residue analysis performed on seven chalices that accompanied individuals into the tomb as part of their funerary rites. Previous organic residue analysis studies have used gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) leading to a focus on fatty acid identification. This study used liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in a discovery experimental design which tentatively identified a wide range of lipid classes and exotic natural products. The results of this analysis provide new insights into burial practices, social stratification and long-distance trade networks in a time previously considered to be a dark age.