A Comprehensive Review of Power System Frequency Regulation Supported by Wind and Energy Storage Systems: State-of-the-Art Methods

With the increasing penetration of wind power in modern low-inertia power systems, frequency regulation (FR) faces significant challenges, primarily due to rapid frequency dynamics and stochastic power fluctuations. Energy storage systems (ESSs) can provide fast-responding bidirectional power support as well as virtual inertia, playing a critical role in enhancing system frequency stability. However, existing reviews provide limited systematic analysis linking model fidelity and operating constraints to the reported performance and applicability of wind–storage FR strategies. To address this gap, this paper reviews state-of-the-art FR strategies involving wind power and energy storage systems and provides a comprehensive analysis of key approaches, including optimization-based methods such as model predictive control (MPC) for multi-area systems and distributed MPC, as well as data-driven and intelligent techniques, such as deep reinforcement learning and soft-computing-based controllers. The comparison connects modeling assumptions and operating constraints with frequency response and energy-related evaluation metrics to clarify the benefits, limitations, and applicable conditions of different strategies. Finally, future research directions are proposed. This review offers a systematic reference for the analysis, design, selection, and evaluation of wind power and energy storage FR strategies in modern power systems.