Validation of a Low-Cost Surgical Simulation Model for Cleft Lip Repair Training: A Multicentre Trainer–Trainee Workshop Study

ObjectiveTo evaluate the face, content and construct validity of a low-cost unilateral cleft lip trainer through a multicentre trainee-trainer workshop.DesignProspective multicentre validation study.SettingThree accredited plastic surgery training centres.Patients/ParticipantsSixty-two plastic surgery residents participated in standardised simulation workshops.InterventionsParticipants underwent lectures, video demonstrations and supervised practice of unilateral cleft lip repair using the low-cost simulator. Pre- and post-workshop questionnaires assessed self-reported knowledge and procedural understanding. Participants rated the model for face and content validity using a 5-point Likert scale. Faculty assessed simulator-based performance using a 10-point checklist.Main Outcome Measure(s)Face validity, content validity, construct validity, pre- and post-workshop knowledge scores, repair time, suture-line integrity and lip-height symmetry.ResultsKnowledge scores increased from 55% to 87%, with significant improvement in chronological recall of repair steps (P < .001). Face validity exceeded 90% across anatomical and procedural domains, with teaching usefulness rated highest (98%). Content validity was strongly supported, with 99% of participants recommending curriculum integration. Construct validity demonstrated significant discrimination between first-, second- and third-year residents, with mean performance scores of 7.1, 8.4 and 9.6, respectively (P < .001). Repair times decreased with increasing training level, while senior trainees achieved superior repair quality.ConclusionsThe low-cost unilateral cleft lip trainer demonstrated favourable face, content and construct validity within a structured workshop setting. Its affordability and reproducibility support its use as an adjunct for procedural rehearsal and assessment in plastic surgery training.