Development ofAspergillusMolds in Litter from Pistachio Trees

Aspergillus molds frequently infested, infected, and sporulated on pistachio litter such as fallen pistachio fruit and male inflorescences throughout summer in commercial pistachio orchards in California. A. niger was isolated much more frequently from pistachio litter than any other species, but the aflatoxin producers, A. flavus and A. parasiticus, also developed in pistachio litter. Two distinct strains of A. flavus were isolated: strain L (a few large sclerotia) and strain S (abundant small sclerotia). Strain L occurred substantially more often than strain S. All isolates of strain S and A. parasiticus were aflatoxin producers, but only 43% of the isolates of strain L produced aflatoxins