Achieving long-life sodium-ion batteries via pore–interlayer–interface synergistic engineering

Biomass-derived hard carbon is considered a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), yet its intrinsically sluggish Na + diffusion kinetics and insufficient interfacial stability still limit its application in high-rate and long-life sodium storage. Herein, we develop a sequential engineering strategy that integrates pore construction, heteroatom regulation and ionic-environment reconstruction to rationally design rice husk-derived hard carbon anodes with simultaneously enhanced Na + transport kinetics and cycling structural stability. This strategy synergistically reconstructs the porous framework, interlayer architecture and surface chemical environment, thereby reducing Na + migration barriers and stabilizing electrode structural evolution during prolonged cycling. Benefiting from this multiscale regulation, the resulting material delivers a high reversible capacity of 522.2 mAh g −1 at 0.2C and retains 234.4 mAh g −1 even at 5C. Notably, it maintains 64.31% of its capacity after 1500 cycles at 5C, demonstrating outperforming long-term cycling durability. A full cell assembled with a Prussian blue cathode further performs a reversible capacity of 94.4mAh g −1 after 100 cycles, confirming its practical potential. This work provides a viable strategy for the rational design of sustainable, high-performance biomass-derived hard carbon anodes for SIBs.