Clinical factors associated with in-hospital mortality among patients with cardiogenic shock admitted to the cardiology department of Ayub Teaching Hospital

Q: What are the key findings of this study?

Among patients with cardiogenic shock, in-hospital mortality was 27.1%, and hypertension exhibited a non-significant tendency toward increased mortality (OR 2.01).

Q: What is the clinical evidence from this study?

Study design: Observational. Population: Cardiogenic shock (n=129). Intervention: Hypertension vs. No hypertension. Primary outcome: In-hospital mortality (OR 2.01, 95% CI 0.90-4.45, p=0.084).

Q: What does this research mean for the field?

Among patients hospitalized with cardiogenic shock, in-hospital mortality is approximately 27.1%, and standard clinical comorbidities including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity are not statistically significant independent predictors of mortality. Novelty: ClaimNovelty.INCREMENTAL. Consensus alignment: ConsensusAlignment.NEUTRAL.

Sardar Adnan Saif; Mati Ullah Khan; Bilal Ahmed; Malik Zahid Iqbal; Yasir Ali Shah; Nasir Mehmood

doi:10.59736/ijp.24.02.1081

July 16, 2026International Journal of PathologyOpen Access

Clinical factors associated with in-hospital mortality among patients with cardiogenic shock admitted to the cardiology department of Ayub Teaching Hospital

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Key result

Hypertension shows no significant association with in-hospital mortality in cardiogenic shock.

OR 2.01
95% CI 0.90-4.45
P=0.084
n=129

Why the study?

Cardiogenic shock is the most common complication of acute myocardial infarction, but clinical factors associated with in-hospital mortality remain to be defined in this population.

Key Points

To define the rate of in-hospital mortality and evaluate selected clinical variables associated with mortality among patients presenting with cardiogenic shock.
Conducted a descriptive observational study of 129 patients aged 40-80 years with cardiogenic shock from June 2025 to December 2025.
Excluded patients with non-cardiogenic shock (septic, hypovolemic, or anaphylactic), end-stage renal or hepatic failure, post-cardiac surgery status, traumatic cardiac injury, and pregnant or lactating women.
Recorded demographic, clinical, and lifestyle variables upon admission and monitored patients throughout their hospital stay to evaluate in-hospital mortality.
In-hospital mortality occurred in 35 (27.13%) patients; among those who died, 24 (68.57%) were male, 13 (37.14%) had advanced age, 22 (62.86%) had hypertension, 16 (45.71%) had diabetes mellitus, and 14 (40.0%) were obese.
None of the evaluated factors showed a statistically significant difference between mortality and survival groups at p<0.05, including male sex (OR 1.69, 95% CI 0.74-3.84, p=0.210), diabetes mellitus (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.27-1.30, p=0.194), and obesity (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.30-1.47, p=0.312).
Hypertension displayed a non-significant tendency toward increased mortality (OR 2.01, 95% CI 0.90-4.45, p=0.084).

Study Design

Type

Observational (n=129)

Multicenter

No

Structured PICO

P

Population

129 adult patients (aged 40-80 years) with cardiogenic shock admitted to a single tertiary care center in Pakistan, evaluated during their hospital stay for predictors of mortality.

O

Outcome

In-hospital mortalityhard clinical

Main Result

Odds Ratio: 2.01 (95% CI 0.9–4.45)

p-value: p=0.084

In a Pakistani cohort of patients with cardiogenic shock, in-hospital mortality was 27.1%, and while common cardiometabolic risk factors were prevalent in those who died, data limitations precluded the identification of independent mortality predictors.

Limitations

Single institution study, limiting generalizability to other populations
Use of available clinical records precluded multivariable logistic regression and confounding correction
Missing data on established prognostic variables such as serum lactate trends, LVEF, and SCAI shock stage
Small sample size that may be underpowered for subgroup analyses and regressions
Undertaken in one institution during a specific time, limiting generalizability.
Used available clinical records and aggregate data, meaning multivariable logistic regression and confounding correction was not feasible.
Established prognostic variables were not in complete analyzable form (e.g., serum lactate trends, creatinine/renal function, left ventricular ejection fraction, Killip class, SCAI shock stage).
Sample size was underpowered to conduct subgroup analyses and regressions.

Implication

Substantial cardiogenic shock mortality was not predicted by standard factors; this Level 3 cohort leaves open reliable prognostic markers for future studies.

Abstract

Background: Cardiogenic shock (CS) is the most common complication of acute myocardial infarction. Our aim is to define the rate of in-hospital mortality and to evaluate the chosen clinical variables that relate to mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock. Methods: A Hospital based descriptive observational study was conducted at the Department of cardiology, Ayub teaching hospital, Abbottabad from June 2025 to December 2025.There were 129 patients with cardiogenic shock aged 40-80 years, both male and females. Patients in cardiogenic or non-cardiogenic shock (e.g. septic, hypovolemic or anaphylactic shock), end-stage renal or hepatic failure, post cardiac surgical status, traumatic cardiac injury, pregnant or lactating women were excluded. During the admission process, demographic and clinical data such as age, sex, body mass index, symptoms duration, smoking status, socioeconomic status, occupation, education level, and location were taken in a systematic manner. Hospital follow-ups were done with the admitted patients throughout the hospital stay and the outcome was the in-hospital mortality. The relationship between the chosen clinical factors and mortality were determined. Results: 35 (27.13%) patients were noted to die in-hospital. Among patients who died, male sex was present in 24 (68.57%), advanced age in 13 (37.14%), diabetes mellitus in 16 (45.71%), hypertension in 22 (62.86%), and obesity in 14 (40.0%). Comparison between mortality and survival groups on variables with denominations: There was no statistically significant difference in mortality and survival at p<0.05; hypertension exhibited a non-significant tendency towards increased mortality (OR 2.01, 95% CI 0.90-4.45, p=0.084). Conclusion: Older age, male sex, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and obesity were found among patients with in-hospital mortality although the comparative analysis at hand failed to prove these factors to be independent predictors.

Discussion

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Cite This Study

Saif et al. (2026) conducted an observational in Cardiogenic shock (n=129). Hypertension vs. No hypertension was evaluated on In-hospital mortality (OR 2.01, 95% CI 0.90-4.45, p=0.084). Among patients with cardiogenic shock, in-hospital mortality was 27.1%, and hypertension exhibited a non-significant tendency toward increased mortality (OR 2.01).

synapsesocial.com/papers/6ad0fc513afa093ea9acfdc5 https://doi.org/10.59736/ijp.24.02.1081

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Clinical factors associated with in-hospital mortality among patients with cardiogenic shock admitted to the cardiology department of Ayub Teaching Hospital

Key Points

Study Design

Structured PICO

Main Result

Limitations

Implication

Abstract

Discussion

Cite This Study

Clinical factors associated with in-hospital mortality among patients with cardiogenic shock admitted to the cardiology department of Ayub Teaching Hospital

Key Points

Study Design

Structured PICO

Main Result

Limitations

Implication

Abstract

Discussion

Cite This Study

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