Outcomes During a One-Year Multidisciplinary Lifestyle Program in Japanese Specialty Care: A Retrospective Observational Study

Background: Multidisciplinary lifestyle care in routine practice occurs alongside medication changes and irregular testing. We described outcomes during a one-year high-contact specialty-clinic program, separating average post-baseline differences from approximately 12-month change. Materials and Methods: This retrospective single-center study included 170 adults with hypertension, dyslipidemia, or diabetes. The primary estimand was the adjusted average difference between baseline and any available post-baseline measurement. Separate linear mixed models included a participant random intercept and fixed terms for follow-up status, age at measurement, sex, and time-varying antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and lipid-lowering medication classes. A complete-pair analysis used the measurement nearest 12 months within a 10– 14-month window. Outcome-specific missingness was reported. A Bonferroni benchmark of P< 0.0028 was applied across 18 mixed-model outcomes; paired P values were adjusted across all 18 prespecified outcomes. Results: Mean age was 63.0 years (SD 12.6), and 92 participants (54.1%) were women. Body-composition data were nearly complete, whereas physical-function data were available for a selected subset. Differences meeting the multiplicity benchmark were body weight (− 2.11 kg, 95% CI − 2.68 to − 1.54), body fat percentage (− 2.04 percentage points, − 2.53 to − 1.56), waist circumference (− 2.72 cm, − 3.43 to − 2.01), body mass index (− 0.90 kg/m 2 , − 1.13 to − 0.68), 1-min walk (+7.50 steps, 4.51 to 10.49), chair stand (+2.27 repetitions, 1.47 to 3.07), one-leg stand (+7.19 s, 3.37 to 11.00), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (− 6.44 mg/dL, − 10.49 to − 2.39). The 10– 14-month complete-pair analysis was directionally consistent. Conclusion: During this single-arm program, adiposity measures changed modestly and lower-extremity performance showed larger standardized differences. No comparator, outcome-specific missingness, unknown attendance, and medication-measurement limitations preclude causal attribution.