Phenolic Compounds in Obesity and Metabolic Complications: Mechanisms, Translational Evidence and Nanoencapsulation Strategies

Obesity is associated with diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular and liver diseases, representing a major public health challenge. Phenolic compounds have attracted increasing interest due to their potential to modulate pathways involved in these conditions. However, their application is limited by low stability and bioavailability. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on phenolic compounds and nanoencapsulation. In vitro studies demonstrate molecular mechanisms and inhibition of digestive enzymes, whereas preclinical studies consistently report improvements in glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and liver alterations. Clinical evidence remains limited. Nanoencapsulation may enhance phenolic stability, bioavailability, and biological activity, but further clinical studies are required.