Key result
AAV2 infection is detected in ~92% of acute severe hepatitis cases versus zero controls.
Why the study?
Cases of acute severe hepatitis of unknown etiology in children have been reported internationally, including the United States, prompting investigation of viral causes.
Case-Control (n=61)
Yes
AAV2 association with acute severe hepatitis warrants etiologic investigation; leaves open causality and clinical utility pending prospective validation.
As of August 2022, cases of acute severe hepatitis of unknown etiology in children have been reported from 35 countries, including the United States. Here we used PCR testing, viral enrichment based sequencing, and agnostic metagenomic sequencing to analyze 27 samples, including nasopharyngeal swab, stool, plasma, and/or whole blood, from 16 such cases from 6 states (Alabama, California, Florida, Illinois, North Carolina, and South Dakota) presenting from October 1, 2021 to May 22, 2022, in parallel with whole blood samples from 45 controls. Among the 13 cases for whom whole blood was available, adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) sequences were detected in 92% (12 of 13) (p<0.001), while adenovirus sequences were detected in 100%, of which 11 (84.6%) were genotyped as human adenovirus type 41 (HAdV-41), one as HAdV-40, and one as HAdV-2. Co-infections of herpesviruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), and/or enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) were also detected in all 13 cases. In contrast, AAV2 and HAdV-41 were not detected in any control, and EBV, HHV-6, or EV-A71 were each only detected in one or two of 45 controls (p<0.001). Analysis of assembled AAV2 viral genome sequences identified 35 coding mutations relative to the AAV2 reference genome, predominantly located in the VP1 capsid and assembly-activating protein (AAP) proteins, and AAV2 genomes from cases clustered together by phylogenetic analysis. Our findings of a distinct AAV2 strain in nearly all cases of acute severe hepatitis of unknown etiology in conjunction with one or more infecting helper viruses suggest that disease pathogenesis and/or severity may be related to co-infection with AAV2.
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Servellita et al. (2022) conducted a case-control in Acute severe hepatitis of unknown etiology (n=61). Adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) and Human Adenovirus infection vs. Non-hepatitis inflammatory, noninflammatory, or healthy controls was evaluated on Detection of AAV2 in whole blood (p=<0.001). Adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) sequences were detected in 92% of cases with acute severe hepatitis compared to 0% of controls (p<0.001), suggesting AAV2 co-infection is strongly associated with the disease.
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