Wavefront sensorless adaptive optics: A review

Wavefront sensorless adaptive optics (WFSless AO) enables aberration compensation through a closed-loop workflow, where feedback signals from a camera provide information on wavefront distortions, optimization algorithms compute the best corrective actions, and wavefront correctors apply physical adjustments to the wavefront. By eliminating the need for dedicated hardware and precise point-source calibration, as required in traditional Adaptive Optics (AO), it is particularly well-suited for applications in uncontrolled environments. This review explores the fundamental principles of WFSless AO, its adaptive correction schemes, and its cross-domain applications, focusing on areas such as biomedical imaging, optical communications, and optical precision manufacturing. Additionally, the review discusses key technical challenges, including modeling multidimensional distortions, minimizing latency for high-speed operation, and improving robustness under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions. Looking ahead, advancements in self-supervised and physics-informed perception models, along with optimization of feedback-driven control strategies and the development of high-speed, multidimensional photonic devices, will be crucial in overcoming current limitations and expanding the use of WFSless AO.