Heat transfer optimization in MHD trihybrid nanofluid flow over a stretching Riga surface with Cattaneo–Christov heat flux

This study presents the heat transfer analysis of magnetohydrodynamic trihybrid nanofluid flow over a stretching Riga surface configuration and the Cattaneo–Christov non-Fourier heat flux model. The electrically conducting Al_2 O_3 –Cu– TiO₂ /water trihybrid nanofluid flows over a convectively heated stretching Riga plate, where a wall-parallel Lorentz force alters the boundary layer structure. Finite-speed thermal propagation is captured through the inclusion of thermal relaxation effects. By employing similarity transformations, the governing equations are reduced to a coupled system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations and solved numerically using MATLAB’s bvp4c solver. The effects of the electromagnetic force, magnetic interaction, nanoparticle volume fractions and thermal relaxation parameters on velocity and temperature distributions are analyzed. The results provide new insights into efficient thermal management using trihybrid nanofluids over advanced electromagnetic surfaces.