Hydraulic Calcium Silicate Cement–Root Dentine Interfacial Layer

Understanding the interfacial layer (IFL) between hydraulic calcium silicate cements (CSCs) and root dentine is essential for optimising CSC performance and developing next-generation biomaterials. This scholarly review summarises current evidence on IFL composition, formation, structure, and clinical significance. An electronic search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus identified relevant studies using 15 keywords, including 'interfacial layer.' A total of 115 articles were classified into three areas: CSC hydration, IFL formation and structure, and clinical implications. Evidence indicates that the IFL forms through hydration-driven reactions and intratubular mineralisation, creating mechanical interlocking and chemical bonding that improve interfacial integrity and sealing ability. These interactions may reinforce dentine, reduce microleakage, and maintain antibacterial activity against intracanal microorganisms, thereby enhancing endodontic outcomes. Further well-designed studies are needed to clarify the IFL's long-term behaviour under clinical conditions and optimise interfacial stability while preserving dentine integrity.