Collective action and livelihood transformation among Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) in Jharkhand: a multivariate integrated modelling framework identifying key drivers

Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) have emerged as important institutional mechanisms for improving smallholder livelihoods in India, yet evidence on their broader socio-economic impacts remains limited, particularly in regions such as Jharkhand. This study examines the factors shaping farmer participation and success within FPO systems using data from 498 farmers. The findings reveal a dominant dimension of livelihood improvement characterized by gains in living standards, nutrition, and technological adoption. Agricultural income and institutional capacity, particularly training and exposure, are consistently associated with higher levels of success. Distinct farmer typologies indicate that stronger institutional engagement is linked with better outcomes, even among farmers with relatively limited resources. Overall, the results highlight that livelihood transformation within FPO systems extends beyond income growth and is closely associated with sustained capacity-building and institutional support. The study underscores the need for context-specific, capacity-oriented policy interventions to enhance the effectiveness and long-term sustainability of FPO-led rural development, contributing to broader efforts toward inclusive and resilient rural transformation.