“Development and psychometric validation of nurses’ voice behaviors scales: topics, methods and negative outcomes”

Nurses’ voice behaviors are important in many aspects, particularly patient safety, healthcare quality, and professional development. However, the measurement of nurses’ voice behaviors remains limited. This methodological study aimed to develop nursing-specific scales for assessing nurses’ voice behaviors. This methodological study was conducted in three phases: (1) item generation, (2) preliminary evaluation of the items, and (3) assessment of the psychometric properties of the scales. The scales were tested using construct validity and reliability analyses following the evaluation of content and face validity. Data were collected from nurses ( n = 890) between December 2024 and June 2025. Nurses’ Voice Behaviors Topics Scale (NVBTS), Nurses’ Voice Behaviors Methods Scale (NVBMS) and Nurses’ Voice Behaviors Negative Outcomes Scale (NVBOS) were developed, and validity and reliability analyses were conducted separately for each scale. NVBTS consists of 30 items and five factors, NVBMS includes 12 items and three factors, and the NVBOS comprises 10 items with a single factor. For each scale, the explained variance, CFA fit indices, factor loadings, convergent and discriminant validity, internal consistency and test–retest reliability demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties. In conclusion, the developed scales are valid and reliable tools for assessing nurses’ voice behaviors. Not applicable.