A Physicochemical Assessment of Upper Catchment Within the Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia

This is the authors' abstract. We don't add key points for this paper.

Southeast Asia covers almost 11% of the world's tropical forest area and has the highest deforestation rate among tropical areas (Houghton & Hackler, 1999;Laurance, 1999;Malhi & Grace, 2000;Canadell et al., 2007).Half of Asian nations have experienced severe (> 70%) forest loss.Forest-rich countries, such as Indonesia and Malaysia, are experiencing rapid forest destruction (Laurance, 2007).A study at the Kelantan River Basin (KRB), Malaysia, revealed that land-use modifications through intensive deforestation for urban and agriculture establishments have induced Abstract: Isolated forests located in rapidly developing areas play a crucial role in providing water resources, regulating climate, filtering water pollution, and mitigating flood events.The Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve (AHFR) is one of the most precious tracts of the remaining lowland dipterocarp forest in the highly urbanized state of Selangor, Malaysia.Until recently, there have been no comprehensive datasets available on hydrological data in AHFR.This study aims to assess the seasonal physicochemical characteristics from a matured secondary catchment forest in AHFR, which is surrounded by the metropolitan city of the Klang Valley.Its physical characteristics are denoted by streamflow, turbidity, and Total Suspended Solids (TSS).The chemical characteristics consist of dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), salinity, and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS).The results indicated that the baseflow discharges ranged from 0.020 to 0.680 m 3 /s, while stormflow discharges ranged from 0.003 to 1.090 m 3 /s.Only pH and TSS are categorized under Class 3 during storm events.The findings implied that a catchment was capable of recharging the baseflow during low rainfall periods and producing high-quality water, which is important to safeguard the water resources and hydrological functions of a catchment within an isolated forest.