Performance enhancement of eco-friendly perovskite solar cell with concave and corrugated interfaces

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Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional photovoltaic technologies due to their low fabrication cost and tunable optoelectronic properties. However, lead toxicity, device instability, and suboptimal light harvesting remain key barriers to commercialization. To address these challenges, this study proposes a lead-free, environmentally stable PSC architecture using hydrogenated Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 as the absorber material, modeled and optimized using COMSOL multiphysics. A three-dimensional finite element method (FEM) is employed to simulate coupled optical-electrical behavior. Key innovations include concave interface geometries at the FTO/ETL, ETL/perovskite, and perovskite/HTL junctions, together with corrugated MgF 2 anti-reflector and Au back-reflector layers. These structural modifications enhance light trapping, reduce optical losses, and improve charge separation and carrier collection. The optimized model achieves an open-circuit voltage ( V oc ) of 1.44 V, a short-circuit current density ( J sc ) of 34.7419 mA/cm 2 , a fill factor (FF) of 57.560%, and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 28.7963%. Compared with the conventional planar structure, the proposed configuration demonstrates improved optical and electrical performance through enhanced geometry and material interfaces. The findings highlight the potential of interface engineering and optical confinement for optimizing lead-free PSCs and provide a pathway toward high-efficiency, eco-friendly perovskite-based photovoltaic technologies.